Demilitarized network to secure the data stored in industrial networks

Currently, the data and variables of a control system are the most important elements to be safeguarded in an industrial network, so it is vitally important to ensure their safety. This paper presents the design and simulation of a demilitarized network (DMZ) using firewalls to control access to all the information that is stored in the servers of the industrial network of the Hermanos Díaz Refinery in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. In addition, the characteristics, configurations, methods, and rules of DMZs and firewalls are shown, select the configuration with three multi-legged firewalls as the most appropriate for our application, since it allows efficient exchange of data guaranteeing security and avoiding the violation of the control system. Finally, the simulation of the proposed network is carried out

Standards Framework for Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Supply Chain

ISBN 979-953-307-708-5 http://www.intechopen.com/articles/show/title/standards-framework-for-intelligent-manufacturing-systems-supply-chain#referenceThe global market is striving to increase competitiveness among organizations and networks. Nowadays, management of supply chains does not only consider business processes in the traditional value chain, but also processes that penetrate networks of organisations. Indeed, the formation of cooperation and collaboration partnerships between several small organizations can be, in multiple cases, more efficient by comparison with big companies (Rudberg et al., 2002). This way, the research on supply chain management has turned from an intra-enterprise focus towards an inter-enterprise focus with companies looking for enhanced interoperability between computer systems and applications. Supply chain networks are characterized by different structures such as, business processes and technological, organizational, topological, informational, and financial structures. All are interrelated but following their own dynamics. Thus, in order to ensure a high responsiveness level, the supply chain plans must be formed robustly and extremely quickly in relation to all the structures (Gupta & Maranas, 2003). In fact, with regards to supply chain in the advent of globalization, one of the difficulties enterprises are facing is the lack of interoperability of systems and software applications to manage and orchestrate the different structures involved (Jardim-Goncalves et al. 2006; Panetto et al., 2006; Farinha et al., 2007). The increasing need for cooperation and collaboration together with the rapid advances in information and communication technology (ICT) have brought supply chain planning into the forefront of the business practices of most manufacturing and service organizations (Gupta & Maranas, 2003). Moreover, there has been a growing interest and research in e-business solutions to facilitate information sharing between organisations in the supply chain network

Prevalência da cárie dental em brancos e não brancos

Authors examined 378 children belonging to a primary school in the Capital of São Paulo in order to know whether the prevalence of dental caries is higher in whites than in non-whites. After statistical analysis, using Mann-Whitney non-parametric "U" test, they conclude that white children 8, 11 and 12 years old present a higher prevalence of caries, at the 5% level of significance.Foram examinadas 378 crianças de um grupo escolar da Capital do Estado de São Paulo, com a finalidade de verificar se a prevalência de cárie dental em crianças de côr branca é maior do que em crianças de côr não branca. Após a análise estatística dos dados, utilizando o teste U, de Mann-Whitney, não paramétrico, concluiu-se que os brancos apresentam uma prevalência de cárie estatìsticamente maior, nas idades de 8, 10 e 12 anos, a um nível de significância de 5%

Biorefinery of rice husk to obtain functionalized bioactive compounds

The biomass industrialization valorisation of grains and cereals is considered an opportunity for the countries where agro-industrial activity is one of its main economic activities, rendering new higher-value products with a concomitant solution to waste accumulation issues. To that end, in this work we describe and characterise bioactive compounds generation from rice husk by semisolid fermentation, obtained from 500 g of the material at room temperature and 60% humidity with mixed cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Gloeophyllum trabeum. The extract was evaluated in different situations: murine mammary tumour cells (4T1), normal cells (NIH 3T3) and in Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Trichoderma harzianum. The results exhibited that the extract inhibited 4T1 cells at concentrations higher than 20μg/mL, but did not inhibit normal cells, and displayed germicide activity after 3 days incubations. We propose that these functionalized compounds have a potential application in industry/agriculture/medicine obtained from rice husk waste

Diversity across Major and Candidate Genes in European Local Pig Breeds

In the frame of the European TREASURE* project, the genetic characterization of 20 local pig breeds is being performed with genetic and genomic tools. The objectives are the study of genetic diversity in these populations and the identification of useful markers for authentication, traceability, conservation and breeding programs. In first place, a candidate gene approach has been applied and the most relevant genes and mutations associated with pig productive, meat quality, reproductive and disease resistance traits have been prioritized and analyzed. Two OpenArray® chips of 32 and 16 SNPs were designed and genotyped in 48 animals from each one of 20 breeds included in the project (Alentejana, Apulo Calabrese, Basque, Bísaro, Black Majorcan, Black Sicilian, Black Slavonian, Casertana, Cinta Senese, Gascon, Iberian, Krskopolje, Lithuanian indigenous wattle, Mangalitsa, Mora Romagnola, Moravka, Old Lithuanian White, Sarda, Schwäbisch Hällisches, Turopolje). Forty SNPs located in 34 genes were successfully genotyped (MC1R, TYRP1, NR6A, PCK1, RYR1, IGF2, MC4R, PHKG1, SCD, GBP5, TAS2R39, TAS2R4, MUC4, ESR1, CYP2E1, LEP, CAST, MTTP, CYB5A, FTO, PPARGC1A, CAPN1, PPARD, CTSL, LEPR, PRKAG3, ACACA, KIT, ACSL4, ADIPOQ, FASN, AHR, FUT1, MSTN). Results provide relevant information regarding genetic diversity and segregation of SNPs responsible for specific production and quality traits. Coat color and morphological trait-genes, showing low level of segregation, and fixed SNPs may be useful for traceability. On the other hand, we detected SNPs which may be useful for breeding programs. For instance, we observed predominance of unfavorable alleles for disease resistance and boar taint genes in most breeds, and segregation of many genes involved in meat quality, fatness and growth. These results joint with ongoing genomic assays, will provide essential information regarding genetic diversity, structure, selective signatures and biological processes responsible for specific production and quality traits

Diversity across Major and Candidate Genes in European Local Pig Breeds

In the frame of the European TREASURE* project, the genetic characterization of 20 local pig breeds is being performed with genetic and genomic tools. The objectives are the study of genetic diversity in these populations and the identification of useful markers for authentication, traceability, conservation and breeding programs. In first place, a candidate gene approach has been applied and the most relevant genes and mutations associated with pig productive, meat quality, reproductive and disease resistance traits have been prioritized and analyzed. Two OpenArray® chips of 32 and 16 SNPs were designed and genotyped in 48 animals from each one of 20 breeds included in the project (Alentejana, Apulo Calabrese, Basque, Bísaro, Black Majorcan, Black Sicilian, Black Slavonian, Casertana, Cinta Senese, Gascon, Iberian, Krskopolje, Lithuanian indigenous wattle, Mangalitsa, Mora Romagnola, Moravka, Old Lithuanian White, Sarda, Schwäbisch Hällisches, Turopolje). Forty SNPs located in 34 genes were successfully genotyped (MC1R, TYRP1, NR6A, PCK1, RYR1, IGF2, MC4R, PHKG1, SCD, GBP5, TAS2R39, TAS2R4, MUC4, ESR1, CYP2E1, LEP, CAST, MTTP, CYB5A, FTO, PPARGC1A, CAPN1, PPARD, CTSL, LEPR, PRKAG3, ACACA, KIT, ACSL4, ADIPOQ, FASN, AHR, FUT1, MSTN). Results provide relevant information regarding genetic diversity and segregation of SNPs responsible for specific production and quality traits. Coat color and morphological trait-genes, showing low level of segregation, and fixed SNPs may be useful for traceability. On the other hand, we detected SNPs which may be useful for breeding programs. For instance, we observed predominance of unfavorable alleles for disease resistance and boar taint genes in most breeds, and segregation of many genes involved in meat quality, fatness and growth. These results joint with ongoing genomic assays, will provide essential information regarding genetic diversity, structure, selective signatures and biological processes responsible for specific production and quality traits

Restauración de las olmedas ibéricas (Ulmus minor y U. laevis) en zonas riparias de la Comunidad de Madrid

El proyecto LIFE+ “Olmos Vivos” (LIFE13 BIO/ES/000556) tiene como objetivo la restauración de unas formaciones vegetales, las olmedas, que por diversos motivos prácticamente han desaparecido del paisaje forestal español, a pesar de haber poseído un alto valor ecológico y cultural. La grafiosis ha constituido una de las enfermedades forestales más devastadoras, y supuso la práctica desaparición de las olmedas ibéricas de Ulmus minor . En el caso de Ulmus laevis , la alteración de su hábitat ligado a zonas temporalmente encharcadas y riberas ha provocado que las poblaciones españolas se encuentren en riesgo de desaparición. Gracias a la obtención de siete clones de U. minor resistentes a la grafiosis como fruto del Programa del Olmo (UPM-MAGRAMA), el presente proyecto permitirá reintroducir la especie en diversas localizaciones de ribera de los ríos Jarama y Tajo. Asimismo, se plantarán brinzales obtenidos de agrupaciones relícticas de U. laevis , con el fin de aumentar sus poblaciones y conservar sus recursos genéticos, en terrenos de naturaleza silícea de las riberas del río Jarama y Arroyo Viñuelas. El desarrollo del proyecto, de cinco años y tres meses de duración 2014-2019), prevé la plantación de unas 16 700 plantas. Al mismo tiempo se recuperará en nuestras ciudades y pueblos la presencia del olmo, mediante plantaciones con fines divulgativos en entornos urbanos y paseos históricos, para devolver así el protagonismo cultural a un árbol que siempre estuvo entre nosotros, presidiendo las reuniones en las plazas y acompañando con su sombra en muchos caminos de nuestra geografía

A field portable method for the semi-quantitative estimation of dehydration tolerance of photosynthetic tissues across distantly related land plants.

Preprint sustituido por postprint 9-12-2019Desiccation tolerant (DT) plants withstand complete cellular dehydration (reaching relative water contents below 30% in their photosynthetic tissues), while desiccation sensitive (DS) plants exhibit different degrees of dehydration tolerance (DHT), never surviving water loss >70%. To date, no procedure for the quantitative evaluation of DHT extent exists that is able to discriminate DS species with different degrees of DHT from truly DT plants. We developed a simple, feasible, and portable protocol to differentiate between constitutive DT and different degrees of DHT in photosynthetic tissues. The protocol is based on (i) controlled desiccation inside Falcon tubes equilibrated at three different relative humidities (RH: 80%, 50% and <10%) and (ii) evaluation of the average recovery level of maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) after rehydration. Applying the method to 10 bryophytes and 28 tracheophytes from various locations, we found that (i) imbibition of absorbent material with saturated salt solutions inside the tubes provides stable RH and avoids direct contact with samples; (ii) for 50 mL capacity tubes, the optimal initial plant amount is 50–200 mg FW; (iii) the tubes can be re-used up to three times with very little changes in RH; (iv) the method is useful in remote locations due to minimal instrumental requirements; (v) a threshold of 30% recovery of the initial Fv/Fm correctly categorises DT species with a few exceptions among tracheophytes: poikilochorophyllous DT-species and some DS herbs and gymnosperms. The protocol provides a semi-quantitative expression of DHT that facilitates comparisons of species with different morpho-physiological traits and/or ecological attributes.Basque Government (UPV/EHU IT-1018-16); Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and the ERDF (FEDER) (CTM2014-53902-C2-2-P to JIGP and BFM, CGL2014-54127-P to ENO and JMA, and CTM2014-53902-C2-1-P to JF and JG); Juan de la Cierva-Incorporation fellowship IJCI-2014-22489 to BFM and Juan de la Cierva-Formación FPDI-2013-18167 and FPDI-2013-17135 to MJCM and JoG respectively); MC was supported by a predoctoral fellowship FPI/1700/2014 from the Conselleria d’Educació, Cultura i Universitats (Govern de les Illes Balears) and ESF; MN was supported by a predoctoral fellowship BES-2015-072578 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) co-financed by the ESF. APC was supported by Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (MECD) fellowship (FPU15/02054). MLP was supported by a pre-doctoral grant from the Basque Government. Authors also wish to thank for giving access to the living plant collection of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Jill M. Farrant acknowledges funding from the South African Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation (grant number 98406

Training memory without aversion: Appetitive hole-board spatial learning increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

Learning experiences are potent modulators of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). However, the vast majority of findings on the learning-induced regulation of AHN derive from aversively-motivated tasks, mainly the water maze paradigm, in which stress is a confounding factor that affects the AHN outcome. Currently, little is known regarding the effect of appetitively-motivated training on AHN. Hence we studied how spatial learning to find food rewards in a hole-board maze modulates AHN (cell proliferation and immature neurons) and AHN-related hippocampal neuroplasticity markers (BDNF, IGF-II and CREB phosphorylation) in mice. The 'Trained' mice were tested for both spatial reference and working memory and compared to 'Pseudotrained' mice (exposed to different baited holes in each session, thus avoiding the reference memory component of the task) and 'Control' mice (exposed to the maze without rewards). In contrast to Pseudotrained and Control mice, Trained mice reduced the number of proliferating hippocampal cells but they notably increased their population of immature neurons assessed by immunohistochemistry. This evidence shows that hole-board spatial reference learning diminishes cell proliferation in favor of enhancing young neurons' survival. Interestingly, the enhanced AHN in the Trained mice (specifically in the suprapyramidal blade) positively correlated with their reference memory performance, but not with their working memory. Furthermore, the Trained animals increased the hippocampal protein expression of all the neuroplasticity markers analyzed by western blot. Results show that the appetitively-motivated hole-board task is an useful paradigm to potentiate and/or investigate AHN and hippocampal plasticity minimizing aversive variables such as fear or stress.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. This study was funded by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Agencia Estatal de Investigación) co-funded by the European Research Development Fund -AEI/FEDER, UE- (PSI2015-73156-JIN ‘Jóvenes Investigadores grant’ to E.C.O. and PSI2013-44901-P to L.J.S. and C.P.), from ‘Junta de Andalucía’ SEJ1863 to C.P. and from University of Málaga (Plan Propio 2017 – ‘Ayudas para proyectos puente’) to M.G.F. Author P.S.P. holds a ‘Juan de la Cierva-formación‘grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (code: FJCI-2015-23925) and a ‘D.3. Estancia de investigadores de reconocido prestigio en la UMA‘ grant from the University of Málaga. Authors R.D.M.F. and D.L.G.M. hold ‘FPU’ grants from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (code: FPU14-01610 and FPU13/04819, respectively). Author F.J.P. holds a ‘Miguel Servet’ grant (code: CP14/00212) from the National System of Health-Instituto de Salud Carlos-III co-funded by FEDER, UE

STARD1 promotes NASH-driven HCC by sustaining the generation of bile acids through the alternative mitochondrial pathway

Background & Aims Besides their physiological role in bile formation and fat digestion, bile acids (BAs) synthesised from cholesterol in hepatocytes act as signalling molecules that modulate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Trafficking of cholesterol to mitochondria through steroidogenic acute regulatory protein 1 (STARD1) is the rate-limiting step in the alternative pathway of BA generation, the physiological relevance of which is not well understood. Moreover, the specific contribution of the STARD1-dependent BA synthesis pathway to HCC has not been previously explored. Methods STARD1 expression was analyzed in a cohort of human non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-derived HCC specimens. Experimental NASH-driven HCC models included MUP-uPA mice fed a high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet and diethylnitrosamine (DEN) treatment in wild-type (WT) mice fed a HFHC diet. Molecular species of BAs and oxysterols were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Effects of NASH-derived BA profiles were investigated in tumour-initiated stem-like cells (TICs) and primary mouse hepatocytes (PMHs). Results Patients with NASH-associated HCC exhibited increased hepatic expression of STARD1 and an enhanced BA pool. Using NASH-driven HCC models, STARD1 overexpression in WT mice increased liver tumour multiplicity, whereas hepatocyte-specific STARD1 deletion (Stard1ΔHep) in WT or MUP-uPA mice reduced tumour burden. These findings mirrored the levels of unconjugated primary BAs, β-muricholic acid and cholic acid, and their tauroconjugates in STARD1-overexpressing and Stard1ΔHep mice. Incubation of TICs or PMHs with a mix of BAs mimicking this profile stimulated expression of genes involved in pluripotency, stemness and inflammation. Conclusions The study reveals a previously unrecognised role of STARD1 in HCC pathogenesis, wherein it promotes the synthesis of primary BAs through the mitochondrial pathway, the products of which act in TICs to stimulate self-renewal, stemness and inflammation. Lay summary Effective therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is limited because of our incomplete understanding of its pathogenesis. The contribution of the alternative pathway of bile acid (BA) synthesis to HCC development is unknown. We uncover a key role for steroidogenic acute regulatory protein 1 (STARD1) in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-driven HCC, wherein it stimulates the generation of BAs in the mitochondrial acidic pathway, the products of which stimulate hepatocyte pluripotency and self-renewal, as well as inflammation.We acknowledge support from grants PID2019-111669RB-100, SAF2017-85877R and SAF2015-73579-JIN from Plan Nacional de I+D funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) and CIBEREHD; the center grant P50AA011999 Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis funded by NIAAA / NIH; as well as support from AGAUR of the Generalitat de Catalunya SGR-2017-1112, European Cooperation in Science & Technology (COST) ACTION CA17112 Prospective European Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network, the ‘ER stress-mitochondrial cholesterol axis in obesity-associated insulin resistance and comorbidities’-Ayudas FUNDACION BBVA and the Red Nacional 2018-102799-T de Enfermedades Metabólicas y Cáncer, and Project 201916/31 "Contribution of mitochondrial oxysterol and bile acid metabolism to liver carcinogenesis" 2019 by Fundació Marato TV3. We also acknowledge the support from the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (PI16/00598, co-funded by European Regional Development Fund / European Social Fund, ‘Investing in your future’) and Centro Internacional sobre el Envejecimiento (OLD-HEPAMARKER, 0348_CIE_6_E), Spain. We also acknowledge support from R01 CA2344128 and U01 AA022614 grants to M.K.Peer reviewe